Þeów
Dictionnaire Anglo-Saxon de Bosworth & Toller - þeów
Selon le Dictionnaire Anglo-Saxon :
es; þeówa, an;
- þeów
- m. A servant; often with the stronger sense of slave; servus, famulus, mancipium :-- Ic Béda Cristes ðeów and mæsse-preóst Baeda famulus Christi et presbyter, Bd. pref.; S. 471, 7. Se ðe wyle betweox eów beón fyrmest, sý hé eówer þeów (ðeá l ðegn servus, Lind.), Mt. Kmbl. 20, 27: 18, 16: 10, 24. Se Godes þeów the priest, Blickl. Homl. 49, 3. Metodes þeów (Abraham), Cd. Th. 146, 29; Gen. 2429. Dryhtnes þeów (Guthlac), Exon. Th. 121, 8; Gú. 285. Þegn and þeów þeódne mǽrum, 209, 3; Ph. 165. Þeów mancipium, Wrt. Voc. ii. 80, 31. Ðeówa servus, Ælfc. Gr. 5; Zup. 12, 18. Þeówa, Wrt. Voc. i. 50, 15. Cham biþ þeówena þeówa (servus servorum) his ge-bróðrum ... beó Chanaan Semes þeówa (servus), Gen. 9, 25-26. Wé synd ealle ðíne þeówas ... Sig se mín þeówa, ðe ðone læfyl forstæl, and fare gé frige, 44, 17-18. Ðú góda þeówa, Lk. Skt. 19, 17: Mt. Kmbl. 25, 23. Se yfela þeówa, 24, 48. Se hláford and se þeówa gelíce clypiaþ tó ðam heofonlícan Fæder, Homl. Th. ii. 326, 28. Gif óðer wyle Godes þeówa beón if one wishes to enter a monastery, L. Ecg. C. 25; Th. ii. 150, 28. Biþ hé deófles ðeówa, Homl. Th. i. 172, 20. Hé biþ ðæra ǽhta ðeówa, 66, 7. Fram Gode hé is send, and hé is Godes þeówa, Blickl. Homl. 247, 19. Ðæs Godes þeówes synna, 49, 6. Moises gelíca mínes þeówes, Num. 12, 7. Ðæs þeówan hláford, Lk. Skt. 12, 46. Ic cweðe tó mínum þeówe (ðeua, Lind.), Mt. Kmbl. 8, 9. Geseoh hú ðás men ðínum ðeówe dóþ, Blickl. Homl. 229, 23: Ps. Th. 118, 49. Gecum tó mínum ðeówan Saulum, Homl. Th. i. 386, 19: Exon. Th. 157, 19; Gú. 894. Ðissum ðeá (famulo) ðínum, Rtl. 103, 13. Ðiosne ðeá hunc famulum, 97, 4. Sec ðínne þeów, Drihten, Blickl. Homl. 87, 31. Ðone unnyttan þeówan, Mt. Kmbl. 25, 30: Homl. Th. i. 64, 17: ii. 578, 26. Wit syndon Cristes þeówas, Blickl. Homl. 187, 32: Wulfst. 157, 19. Eálá gé míne ðeówan beóþ getreówe o mea mancipia, estote fideles, Ælfc. Gr. 15; Zup. 102, 3. Ðeás servi, Mt. Kmbl. p. 18, 7. Ða þeówan drincaþ medo, Ors. 1, 1; Swt. 20, 17. Micel menigu Godes ðeówa (ðiówa, Hatt. MS.), Past. pref.; Swt. 4, 11. Wítniendra þiówa lictorum, Wrt. Voc. ii. 52, 77. Seó myccle menigo heora þeówa, Blickl. Homl. 99, 34. Ðæra þeówa (ðeána, Lind.) hláfurd, Mt. Kmbl. 25, 19. Án ðæs bisceopes þeówena, Jn. Skt. 18, 26: Wulfst. 199, 22. Ðǽm earmestan Godes þeówum, ðe ða cyrican mid godcundum dreámum weorþiaþ, Blickl. Homl. 41, 26. Ðá clypode hé his týn þeówas, Lk. Skt. 19, 13. Ðeá ðíno famulos tuos, Rtl. 100, 22: 170, 31. Ðiúwas (ða ðiówe, Rush.) ancillas, Lk. Skt. Lind. 12, 45. ¶ Slavery, which is mentioned by Tacitus (Germania, cc. 24, 25) as existing among the Germans, is recognized by the earliest English laws, and early traces of it are to be found in the English slaves whom Gregory saw at Rome. It was a condition that was due to many causes. The fortune of war might put life and liberty at the disposal of another, as in the case of the Northumbrian, Imma, who, falling into the hands of a hostile Mercian, was by him sold to a Frisian, Bd. 4, 22. Kidnapping, to judge by Theodore's Penitential, was not unknown: Si quis Christianus alterum Christianum vagantem reppererit, eumque furatus fuerit, ac vendiderit, Th. ii. 50, § 5; and cf. Earme men beswicene and hreówlíce besyrwde, and út of ðisan earde gesealde swýðe unforworhte fremdum tó gewealde, Wulfst. 158, 13. Freedom might be forfeited as the punishment of crime; e. g. Gif hwá stalie on gewitnesse ealles his hírédes, gongen hié ealle on þeówot .x.-wintre cniht mæg bión þiéfðe gewita, L. In. 7; Th. i. 107, 16; and cf. Wulfst. 158, 14. Gif se frigea on Sunnandæg wyrce, þolie his freótes, L. In. 3; Th. i. 104, 6. See also L. Eth. vii. 16; Th. i. 332, 18. servum) ofslyhþ, L. Ecg. P. ii. 3; Th. ii. 182, 29: L. M. I. P. 11; Th. ii. 268, 9. Wéron ðǽr ðreó wíteþeówe men búrbærde and ðreó ðeówberde; ða mé salde bisceop tó ryhtre ǽhta, and hire teám, Chart. Th. 152, 22. Bought and sold like an animal, his treatment in other respects was that of an animal. Tacitus (Germania, c. 25) had remarked that the Germans often killed their slaves on the impulse of passion, and that it was done with impunity. The sane might be said of the English: Gif hwylc malt his ǽht (servum suum) ofslyhþ, and hé náne gewitnysse næbbe ðæt hé forworht sig, bútan hé hine for his hátheortnesse and for gýmeleáste ofslihþ, L. Ecg. P. ii. 3; Th. ii. 182, 29: L. M. I. P. 11; Th. ii. 268, 9: L. Th. P. 21, 12; Th. ii. 23, § 12. Gif hwylc wíf for hwylcum lyþrum andan hire wífman swingþ, and heó þurh ða swingle wyrð deád, and heó unscyldig biþ, L. Ecg. P. ii. 4; Th. ii. 182, 32: L. M. I. P. 12; Th. ii. 268, 11: L. Th. P. 21, 13; Th. ii. 24, 1. The inferiority of the slave is marked in many ways by the law. The price of redemption in the case of the þeów who stole was seventy shillings, L. Wih. 27; Th. i. 42, 20; in the case of the free man it was 120 shillings, L. Ath. i. 1; Th. i. 198, 23. Ðeówæs wegreáf sé .iii. scillingas, L. Ethb. 89; Th. i. 24, 16; in the case of the ceorl it is six shillings, 19; Th. i. 8, 1. Gif þeów steleþ, .ii. gelde gebéte, 90; Th. i. 24, 17. Gif frigman fréum stelð, iii. gebéte, 9; Th. i. 6, 2. So, too, in the matter of punishments; where the freeman can pay a fine, the slave pays with his hide, i.e. is scourged; see L. In. 3; Th. i. 104, 2: L. E. G. 7; Th. i. 172, 1: 8; Th. i. 172, 6: L. C. S. 45; Th. i. 402, 15: L. In. 13: 15; Th. i. 40, 7, 11. Gif þeów man fúl wurðe ... swinge hine man þriwa, L. Ath. i. 19; Th. i. 208, 22. Or mutilation was inflicted, where a freeman was fined, L. Alf. pol. 25; Th. i. 78, 14. The manner in which the punishment of death was executed was an ignominious one-stoning by slaves, L. Ath. iii. 6; Th. i. 219, 13: v. 6, 3; Th. i. 234, 8. The slave could not be vouched to warranty, L. In. 47; Th. i. 132, 5; and he was not allowed the holidays given to freemen, L. Alf. pol. 43; Th. i. 92, 3. Three days, however, in the year were granted, the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday before Michaelmas: Sit omnis servus liber ab opere illis tribus diebus, quo melius jejunare possit, et operetur sibimet quod vult, L. Eth. viii. 2; cf. Wulfst. 181, 18; and one of Alfred's laws speaks of fragments of time in which it was possible for the slave to earn something: Ǽghwæt ðæs ðe ðeówum monnum ǽnig mon for Godes noman geselle, oþþe hié on ǽnegum hiora hwílsticcum geearnian mægen, L. Alf. pol. 43; Th. i. 92, 12. It was thus possible for a slave to acquire property, and the church endeavoured to render his possession secure: Ne biþ álýfed æt ðam þeówan his feoh tó nimanne, ðæt hé mid his swynce begiteþ, L. Ecg. P. Addit. 35; Th. ii. 238, 6: L. Th. P. 19, 30; Th. ii. 19, § 30. Throughout the influence of the church seems to have been exerted in favour of the slave. The sale of slaves into heathen lands was denounced: Gif hwá cristene man on hǽðendóm sylle, se ne biþ wurðe ǽnigre reste mid cristenum folce, bútan he gebycge eft hám ongeán, ðæt hé út sealde, L. M. I. P. 43; Th. ii. 276, 20; see, too, L. Th. P. 42, 3, 4; Th. ii. 50, §§ 3, 4: L. Ecg. E. 150; Th. ii. 124, 2: and probably freedom was not unfrequently granted at the suggestion of the church. Cf. such expressions as: Geatfleda geaf freóls for Godes lufa and for heora sáwla þearfe, Chart. Th. 621, 3. Ðá freóde Folcerd Agelwine his man and his ofspring Criste tó lofe and Sca Maria, and his sáwle áliésednisse, 634, 20. Cf. too, L. Wih. 8; Th. i. 38, 15, and L. In. 3; Th. i. 104, 2. Gif þeów mon wyrce on Sunnandæg be his hláfordes hǽse, sié hé frioh. To the same effect is L. C. S. 45; Th. i. 402, 18: Gif hláford his þeówan freólsdæge nýde tó weorce, þolige ðæs þeówan, and beó hé syþþan folcfrig. See on the question of slavery Kemble's Saxons in England,' i. c. 8, Andrews' Old English Manor, c. 3, Grimm's R. A., pp. 300 sqq. [Goth. þius; pl. þiwós; m.: O. H. Ger. deo: Icel. þý; n.] v. efen-, níd-, under-, weorc-, wíte-þeów; lád-teów, and following words. þeow,þeow-